A Cross-Sectional Review of Energy Transition, Security and Climate Change Policies
Abstract
Introduction. Energy, security, and climate change are essential concerns for policymakers and economic agendas, prioritising data monitoring, national resources, resilience, and informed planning. The analysis of these topics is relevant for achieving sustainability objectives and targets, especially for understanding and analysing societal, technological, environmental, and economic developments, aiming to guarantee a fair and inclusive transition.
Aim and tasks. This study presents a legal and policy nexus linking energy transition, security, and climate change by completing a complex analytical and conceptual analysis of key terms and policies developed from 1985 to 2022. Furthermore, it reviews the evolution of climate change, security, and energy transition concepts and analyses European and international policy and judicial options to reach a consensus on addressing climate change.
Results. The findings are intended to provide insights into the nexus of energy-security-climate change by reflecting the terminology and associated concepts in digitalised academic literature from 1985 to 2022 using the Google Ngram Viewer platform. The modelling analysis displayed various interrelated graphical representations that support future green energy and climate change policy settings, linking Ngram monitoring, result analysis, and data interpretation. The cross-sectional analysis examines the dynamic conceptual processes of specific terms and emerging research streams on security and climate change over four decades. The findings show linkages between climate change, sustainability, renewable energy, energy security and new conceptual associations that influence diverse academic research. Pearson correlation for statistical analysis results showed strong dependencies between variables, consistent with the values represented using the Google Ngram Viewer platform.
Conclusions. This study provides an overview of the circulation of concepts in the energy and climate change sectors within digitalised academic literature, mapping emergent conceptual trends over the selected period. The visualisation of the modelling analysis correlates with the temporal frequencies, as classified by the research sections. It organises data using graphical representations of energy resources and climate change concerning sustainable development and security.
Keywords:
energy transition, climate change, security, policies, Ngram Viewer.References
Axon, C. J., & Darton, R. C. (2021). Sustainability and risk – a review of energy security. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 1195–1204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.018
Bashir, M. F., Pata, U. K., & Shahzad, L. (2025). Linking climate change, energy transition and renewable energy investments to combat energy security risks: Evidence from top energy consuming economies. Energy, 314, 134175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.134175
Bazilian, M., Bradshaw, M., Gabriel, J., Goldthau, A., & Westphal, K. (2020). Four scenarios of the energy transition: Drivers, consequences, and implications for geopolitics. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Climate Change, 11(2), e625. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.625
Belaïd, F., Al-Sarihi, A., & Al-Mestneer, R. (2023). Balancing climate mitigation and energy security goals amid converging global energy crises: The role of green investments. Renewable Energy, 205, 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.01.083
Cergibozan, R. (2022). Renewable energy sources as a solution for energy security risk: Empirical evidence from OECD countries. Renewable Energy, 183, 617-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.056
Chu, L. K., Ghosh, S., Doğan, B., Nguyen, N. H., & Shahbaz, M. (2023). Energy security as new determinant of renewable energy: the role of economic complexity in top energy users. Energy, 263, 125799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125799
Draca, M. (2013). Reagan’s innovation dividend? Technological impacts of the 1980s US defense build-up. Working Paper. Coventry, UK: Department of Economics, University of Warwick. (CAGE Online Working Paper Series). http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59342
Ehsanullah, S., Tran, Q. H., Sadiq, M., Bashir, S., Mohsin, M., & Iram, R. (2021). How energy insecurity leads to energy poverty? Do environmental consideration and climate change concerns matters. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(39), 55041-55052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14415-2
European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators. (2022). Glossary of core energy specific terminology. https://www.acer.europa.eu/data/glossary-of-energy-terms
Gately, D., Adelman, M. A., & Griffin, J. M. (1986). Lessons from the 1986 oil price collapse. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 1986(2), 237. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534475
Giuli, M., & Oberthür, S. (2023). Third time lucky? Reconciling EU climate and external energy policy during energy security crises. Journal of European Integration, 45(3), 395-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2190588
Guesmi, K., Mohammed, K. S., & Tiwari, S. (2024). Green horizons: Enabling the energy transition through climate change policies. International Review of Economics & Finance, 94, 103409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2024.103409
International Energy Agency. (2025). Glossary. https://www.iea.org/glossary
Kaspar, A., & Kunsch, A. (2022). Energiewende – Einblicke und Ausblicke. Geomechanics and Tunnelling, 15(6), 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1002/geot.202200043
Khan, I., Hou, F., Irfan, M., Zakari, A., & Le, H. P. (2021). Does energy trilemma a driver of economic growth? The roles of energy use, population growth, and financial development. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 146, 111157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111157.
Kim, J., Jaumotte, F., Panton, A. J., & Schwerhoff, G. (2025). Energy security and the green transition. Energy Policy, 198, 114409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114409
Kim, S. K., & Park, S. (2023). Impacts of renewable energy on climate vulnerability: A global perspective for energy transition in a climate adaptation framework. Science of the Total Environment, 859, 160175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160175
Koval, V., & Mikhno, I. (2020). Socio-economic status and improvement the condition of the national economy of Ukraine. Journal of Interdisciplinary Debates, 1(01). https://doi.org/10.29327/217379.1.1-2.
Koval, V., Atstāja, D., Shmygol, N., Udovychenko, V., Hrinchenko, H., & Tsimoshynska, O. (2025). Strategic Management and Security Risk Assessment of Energy Systems. Urban Science, 9(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9020048
Molotoks, A., Smith, P., & Dawson, T. P. (2021). Impacts of land use, population, and climate change on global food security. Food and Energy Security, 10(1), e261. https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.261
Olabi, A. G., & Abdelkareem, M. A. (2022). Renewable energy and climate change. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, 112111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112111
Olimid, A. P., Georgescu, C. M., & Gherghe, C. L. (2024). Communicating international politics narratives of security, democracy and human rights in contemporary society: indexing and analysis using online monitoring data. Frontiers in Sociology, 9, 1441787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2024.1441787
Olimid, A. P., Georgescu, C. M., & Olimid, D. A. (2024a). Policy analysis of human factors and social innovation in EU EASI Programme Reports (2015-2022). Baltic Journal of Economic Studies, 10(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2024-10-3-1-9
Olimid, A. P., Georgescu, C. M., & Olimid, D. A. (2024b). EU Policies on Human Security, Environmental Sustainability, Strategic Foresight, and Digital Transition in EU Candidate Countries: Moldova and Ukraine. Economics Ecology Socium, 8(4), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.61954/2616-7107/2024.8.4-3
Painter, D. S. (2014). Oil and geopolitics: the oil crises of the 1970s and the Cold War. Historical Social Research, 39(4 (150)), 186–208. https://doi.org/10.12759/HSR.39.2014.4.186-208
Sohail, M. T., Ullah, S., & Sohail, S. (2025). How does the circular economy affect energy security and renewable energy development? Energy, 320, 135348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.135348
Sribna, Y., Skakovska, S., Paniuk, T., & Hrytsiuk, I. (2023). The Economics of Technology Transfer in The Environmental Safety of Enterprises for the Energy Transition. Economics Ecology Socium, 7, 84-96. https://doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2023.7.1
Tiwari, S., Shahzad, U., Alofaysan, H., Walsh, S. T., & Kumari, P. (2024). How do renewable energy, energy innovation and climate change shape the energy transition in USA? Unraveling the role of green finance development. Energy Economics, 140, 107947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107947
Todorov, L., Aleksandrova, A., & Ismailov, T. (2023). Relation Between Financial Literacy and Carbon Footprint: Review on Implications for Sustainable Development. Economics Ecology Socium, 7, 24-40. https://doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2023.7.2
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2025). Glossary of Climate Change Terms. https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary-climate-change-terms_.html
If the article is accepted for publication in the journal «Economics. Ecology. Socium» the author must sign an agreementon transfer of copyright. The agreement is sent to the postal (original) or e-mail address (scanned copy) of the journal editions.
